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<p>A <b>composite monitor</b> or <b>composite video monitor</b> is any <a href="Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> video display that receives input in the form of an analog <a href="Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> signal to a defined specification.<sup id="cite_ref-appleii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A composite video signal encodes all information on a single conductor; a composite <a href="Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">cable</a> has a single live conductor plus earth. Other equipment with display functionality includes monitors with more advanced <a href="Interface_(computing)#Hardware_interfaces" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a> and connectors giving a better picture, including analog <a href="Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a>, and digital <a href="Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a>, <a href="HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>, and <a href="DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a>; and <a href="Television" title="Television">television</a> (TV) receivers which are self-contained, receiving and displaying video <a href="Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> <a href="Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasts</a> received with an internal <a href="Tuner_(radio)" title="Tuner (radio)">tuner</a>. Video monitors are used for displaying <a href="Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer output</a>, <a href="Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> (e.g. security cameras) and other applications requiring a two-dimensional monochrome or colour image.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inputs">Inputs</h2></div>

<p>Composite monitors usually use <a href="RCA_connector" title="RCA connector">RCA jacks</a> or <a href="BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC connectors</a> for video input. Earlier equipment (1970s) often used <a href="UHF_connector" title="UHF connector">UHF connectors</a>. Typically simple composite monitors give a picture inferior to other interfaces.

</p><p>In principle a monitor can have one or several of multiple types of input, including composite—in addition to composite monitors as such, many monitors accept composite input among other standards. In practice computer monitors ceased to support composite input as other interfaces became predominant.

</p><p>A composite monitor must have a two-dimensional approximately flat display device with circuitry to accept a composite signal with picture and synchronisation information, process it into monochrome <a href="Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> and <a href="Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a>, or the red, green, and blue of <a href="RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a>, plus synchronisation pulses, and display it on a screen, which was predominantly a <a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> until the 21st century, and then a thin panel using <a href="Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> or other technology.

</p><p>A critical factor in the quality of this display is the type of encoding used in the TV camera to combine the signal together and the decoding used in the monitor to separate the signals back to RGB for display. Composite monitors can be very high quality, with professional broadcast reference displays costing <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>10k-$15k as of 2000. <a href="Comb_filter" title="Comb filter">Comb filters</a> are frequently used to improve the quality of a composite monitor.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_innovations">Early innovations</h2></div>

<p>Originally, these monitors were used for commercial studios. Composite video first saw home use for dubbing tapes on <a href="Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCRs</a>. Early computers, both commercial and amateur, mostly used <a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a> for output; simple home models might simply display an array of lights to be interpreted as binary information. Later the concept of the <a href="TV_Typewriter" title="TV Typewriter">TV Typewriter</a> was born, effectively the video monitor used for digital information; this was implemented as dedicated monitors and as interfaces to the television receivers present in many homes. Many computers incorporated a display. From the late 1970s stand-alone composite monitors came into use, including by the <a href="Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-appleii_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appleii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="VIC-20" title="VIC-20">VIC-20</a>, <a href="Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, <a href="Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>, <a href="IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> with <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> card,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2021Early_IBM_PC_Displays_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2021Early_IBM_PC_Displays-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>, <a href="HP_9000#Series_200" title="HP 9000">Hewlett-Packard 200 series</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other home and business computers of the 1980s. These computers had composite video outputs, and sometimes composite monitors bundled with the systems. Some computer companies separately sold their own composite monitors for use with their computers.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composite_video_and_game_consoles">Composite video and game consoles</h3></div>

<p>During the same time period, home game consoles chose to stick with <a href="RF_modulator" title="RF modulator">RF modulation</a> since many people had color televisions without composite video inputs. However, in 1985, the <a href="Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> was released and was the first game console to feature direct composite outputs. Although the redesigned NES (<a href="Nintendo_Entertainment_System_(Model_NES-101)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Entertainment System (Model NES-101)">NES 2</a>) lacked these outputs, the <a href="Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super NES</a> and nearly all consoles made since have included the direct composite outputs. From the fifth generation systems (such as the <a href="PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">Sony PlayStation</a> and the <a href="Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>) onward, many consoles used these outputs as the primary means of connecting to the television, requiring a separate adapter for use on televisions lacking composite inputs. As of today, some people still use stand-alone composite monitors for some purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including modern game consoles even with the advent of televisions with a tuner and composite inputs combined.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composite_input_to_non-composite_device">Composite input to non-composite device</h2></div>

<p>When a composite monitor is not available, a device requiring one can use an <a href="RF_modulator" title="RF modulator">RF modulator</a> to encode a composite output onto a RF signal which can be received by an analog television, available in many homes until the <a href="Digital_switchover" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital switchover">digital switchover</a>.

</p><p>Devices are available to convert from composite to other standards such as analog VGA or digital HDMI; such devices may be called <a href="Upscaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Upscaler">upscalers</a> or <a href="Scan_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Scan converter">scan converters</a>, although not all devices with these names will handle composite input. A converter with electronics is necessary; a simple cable will not do the job.

</p><p>With a whole market full of all sorts of solutions to convert composite (or its related standard <a href="S-video" class="mw-redirect" title="S-video">S-video</a>) to all sorts of other video transmission standards, it has even offered opportunities to <a href="Repurposing" title="Repurposing">repurpose</a> non-composite monitors for composite video input, in which composite monitors themselves have also been repurposed for other applications of their own.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_use_of_composite_monitors">Commercial use of composite monitors</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studios</a> use stand-alone composite <a href="Display_device" title="Display device">video monitors</a> to check and judge their output picture quality. These are usually high-end professional broadcast monitors that are used to view the output of <a href="Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">professional video cameras</a>, <a href="Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">VTRs</a>, <a href="Character_generator" title="Character generator">character generators</a>, <a href="Telecine" title="Telecine">telecines</a> and <a href="Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">DDRs</a>. They can also be used when new video devices are being tested. Most commercial composite monitors have no audio support or speakers, as the audio system is processed through high-quality audio equipment.</li>

<li>Stand-alone composite monitors are commonly used for <a href="Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> and video surveillance.</li></ul>

<p>Some monitors used in video surveillance give a monochrome picture.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_features">Common features</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">Stereo sound</a></li>

<li>TV tuner</li>

<li>Front AV inputs</li>

<li><a href="S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a> input</li>

<li><a href="Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Closed captioning</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_video_standards">Other video standards</h2></div>

<p>Other video standards include

</p>

<ul><li><a href="RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> video, 3 signals, red, green and blue, with synchronisation information, on three wires from a computer or other source</li>

<li><a href="Component_video" title="Component video">Component video</a>, 3 signals such as <a href="Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">Y′UV</a> or Y, B-Y, R-Y</li>

<li><a href="S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a>, 2 signals, which have the brightness (luminance) information on one cable and the color information (chrominance) on another. Most monitors with S-Video inputs also support composite inputs</li>

<li>Several <a href="Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> standards, including DVI and HDMI</li>

<li>VGA, an analog standard used to display digital signals</li></ul>

<p>Monitors sometimes support several standards. Absence of certain video inputs may require purchase of signal adapters to reuse electronics that are otherwise incompatible.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA connector</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_projector" title="Video projector">Video projector</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apple-iigs.info/doc/fichiers/AppleColorCompositeMonitorOwnersGuide.pdf">"Apple II AppleColor Composite Monitor Owner's Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Apple Computer Inc. 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Input signal: composite-only sync negative 1.0±0.5 volts peak-to-peak</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2021Early_IBM_PC_Displays-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2021Early_IBM_PC_Displays_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2021">Edwards 2021</a>, Early IBM PC Displays.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpmuseum.net/display_item.php?hw=425">"200 Series Selection: 35721 Monitor, introduced 1983, original price $550"</a>. <i>HP Computer Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522152621/https://ameridroid.com/products/4-3in-dual-zone-tft-lcd-pal-ntsc-composite-monitor">"4.3in. Dual-Zone TFT-LCD PAL/NTSC Composite Monitor"</a>. <i>ameriDroid</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ameridroid.com/products/4-3in-dual-zone-tft-lcd-pal-ntsc-composite-monitor">the original</a> on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBigelow1997" class="citation book cs1">Bigelow, Stephen J. (1997). <i>Troubleshooting and repairing computer monitors</i>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151450678">1151450678</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDespositoGarabedian1997" class="citation book cs1">Desposito, Joe; Garabedian, Kevin (1997). <i>Computer monitor troubleshooting and repair</i>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028562961">1028562961</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Edwards, Benj (19 April 2021) [2015]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/slideshow/366677/brief-history-computer-displays/">"A brief history of Computer Displays"</a>. <i>PC World</i>. Australia: IDG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429050657/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/slideshow/366677/brief-history-computer-displays/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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